UTIs generally occur when bacteria enter the bladder from the external environment, evade the body's immune defenses, and cause infection.  

While UTIs often refer to a bladder infection (bacterial cystitis), infection could occur anywhere in the urinary tract from the urethra (canal leading urine outside) to the kidneys. Recurrent infections are defined as at least two infections in six months, or at least three in a year.  

Certain underlying medical conditions can make dogs more susceptible to UTIs. These include:  

• Bladder stones 

• Diabetes 

• Cushing’s disease 

• Kidney disease  

• Cancer 

• Immuno-suppressive medication

• Straining to pass urine  

• Frequent, small amounts of urine  

• Accidents in house  

• Foul smelling urine  

• Excessively licking genitals  

• Blood in urine  

You should contact a vet if you suspect your dog has a urinary tract infection (UTI) and notice any of the above symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for a successful outcome. Bringing a fresh urine sample to your consult can often speed up the process of diagnosis.  

• Full clinical examination by your vet  

• Urinalysis test to look for signs of infection, including white blood cells, bacteria and red blood cells  

• Urine culture and sensitivity test after urinalysis to confirm an infection, determine the exact type of bacteria infecting the bladder and the most effective antibiotics for treatment  

• Possible other tests such as x-rays, ultrasound or other forms of imaging  

• Antibiotics (if confirm by culture)  

• Painkillers  

For infections that have underlying causes, treatment will also involve management of those conditions and may involve special prescription diets.  

While not always preventable, some steps can help reduce the risk of UTIs in dogs:  

• Make sure your dog always has access to fresh, clean water  

• Take your dog out to urinate regularly to prevent urine from sitting in the bladder for extended periods 

• Groom your dog regularly, especially around the rear end, and clean up any messes promptly 

The outlook for dogs with urinary tract infections (UTIs) is generally positive, especially with early diagnosis and treatment. Most UTIs in dogs respond well to a course of antibiotics, and symptoms often improve within a few days. However, if left untreated, UTIs can lead to more serious complications like kidney infections or bladder stones. Therefore, prompt veterinary care is crucial for a good outlook.