Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (GDV) in Dogs: A Life-Threatening Vet Emergency
Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), often called bloat, is a life-threatening condition in which the stomach fills with gas and twists on itself. The twist traps gas and food inside the stomach and cuts off its blood supply.
As the condition progresses, blood flow to the heart and other organs is affected, causing dogs to become critically ill very quickly. Without emergency treatment, GDV can be fatal.
GDV is most common in large, deep-chested breeds such as Great Danes, German Shepherd Dogs, Standard Poodles, Weimaraners, Irish Setters, Dobermanns and Boxers, although it can occur in any dog.
Although the exact cause is not fully understood, factors such as breed, age and eating habits may increase the risk of developing GDV.
Symptoms of Bloat in dogs
The signs of GDV (bloat) usually develop suddenly and can worsen very quickly. Common symptoms include:
A swollen or bloated abdomen
Repeated retching or trying to vomit without bringing anything up
Restlessness or signs of pain
Excessive drooling
Rapid or difficult breathing
If your dog shows any of these signs, seek veterinary attention immediately.
When to seek urgent veterinary care
GDV (bloat) is a life-threatening veterinary emergency. Contact your vet immediately if your dog has a swollen abdomen, is repeatedly trying to vomit without bringing anything up, or shows signs of severe pain, weakness or collapse. Do not wait to see if your dog improves, as prompt treatment is essential.
Diagnosis
Your vet will examine your dog and discuss their symptoms and medical history.
X-rays are usually used to confirm a diagnosis of GDV and assess the position of the stomach. Blood tests are also commonly recommended to assess your dog's overall health and help plan the safest treatment.
Together, these tests help confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment.
Treatment for GDV in dogs
GDV requires emergency treatment to stabilise your dog and correct the twisted stomach.
Your dog will usually receive intravenous fluids, pain relief and other supportive treatment. Your vet may also need to decompress the stomach by releasing the trapped gas to help improve blood flow and stabilise your dog before surgery.
Surgery is then needed to return the stomach to its normal position, assess it for any damage and perform a gastropexy, which attaches the stomach to the body wall to help prevent it from twisting again.
Most dogs will need to stay in hospital for treatment and monitoring after surgery.
Prevention of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus in dogs
Although GDV cannot always be prevented, preventive gastropexy may be recommended for dogs at high risk of developing the condition. Your vet can advise whether this is appropriate for your dog. Feeding smaller meals and avoiding rapid eating may help reduce the risk of GDV, although the evidence is limited.
Outlook
The outlook for dogs with GDV depends on how quickly treatment is started and whether the stomach or other organs have been damaged.
Many dogs recover well following prompt surgery, particularly if there is little or no damage to the stomach. However, some dogs develop serious complications during or after treatment, which can affect the outcome.
Dogs that have a gastropexy performed during surgery are unlikely to experience another GDV, although they may still develop gastric dilatation (bloat) without the stomach twisting.